Probiotics by Dr Eisenstein
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Immune-Stimulating Properties of Probiotics

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Microbial organisms make up approx­imately 90% of the body’s cells, so it should come as no surprise that their composition can greatly influence host immunity. Many disease processes, including diarrhea, atopy, and upper respiratory disease, are caused in part by immune disturbances due to microbial imbalances.1 Therefore, investigative studies on the use of probiotics, or live nonpathogenic organisms, in human and animal medicine have increased signifi­cantly in recent years.

At the 2018 Western Veterinary Conference in Las Vegas, Nevada, Michael Lappin, DVM, PhD, DACVIM, discussed the potential immunologic benefits of probi­otics in veterinary medicine. Dr. Lappin, director of the Center for Companion Animal Studies at the College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University (CSU), cited results from studies conducted worldwide to explain the current understanding of nonspecific and targeted uses of probiotics in veterinary medicine.

Choose Probiotics WiselyAs the popularity of probiotics has boomed, so has the overwhelming diversity of available products. “Not all probiotics are created equally,” Dr. Lappin noted. A particular probiotic’s reported effect may not carry over across different microbial species or even subspe­cies. Just as important, different probiotics may have immune-modulating effects that range from immune stimulation to immune dampening.

When choosing probiotics for veterinary use, Dr. Lappin advised picking products that consistently meet the label’s claim and for which the manufacturer can provide stability data to prove the product’s shelf life and number of organisms. “Some companies,” he cautioned, “cannot produce this information.” In a study that examined small animal diets claiming to contain probiotics, 26% (5/19) of the examined diets lacked relevant growth of any beneficial bacteria, and none of the products contained all of the organisms listed on the label.2The key takeaway from this infor­mation, Dr. Lappin said, is that veterinarians “should purchase probiotics from reputable companies with excellent quality control that support research on their product’s efficacy.”
 Enhanced Immune Function in Young Animals Dr. Lappin mentioned that while several probiotics have been studied in clinical trials, the majority of his research work has been with the Enterococcus faecium strain SF68, which is the probiotic in the dietary supplement FortiFlora (ProPlan Veterinary Diets, Purina).

A 2003 study discussed the use of E faecium SF68 in dogs and evaluated the effect of feeding the probi­otic on specific and nonspecific immune function in puppies.3 After receiving a canine distemper virus (CDV) vaccine, puppies were fed either a regular diet or one supplemented with SF68 probiotic from wean­ing until 1 year of age.3 The data revealed that fecal immunoglobulin (Ig) A, as well as circulating IgA and IgG specific for the CDV vaccine, were all signifi­cantly higher in dogs that received the probiotic-sup­plemented diet. Also, there was evidence that SF68 probiotic enhanced B-lymphocyte production, because puppies fed the probiotic diet had a greater proportion of circulating mature B cells than did control dogs.3 One drawback to the study, Dr. Lappin noted, was that the investigators be-gan recording data after 10 weeks of probiotic use. Therefore, the ques­tion remained whether significant immune enhancement could occur in even less time.

In response, Dr. Lappin designed a study to examine the effect of E faecium SF68 supplementation on immune function in apparently healthy young adult beagles. In this experiment, the dogs were evaluated before and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of supplementation, with the postsupplementation results compared with baseline values. The data, which were presented as a research abstract at the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine meeting in 2017, demonstrated evidence of immune modulation of both T and B lymphocytes within 4 weeks of probiotic use.


Adjunct Therapy For Chronic DiseasesThis work in beagles and a previous study published by Dr. Lappin’s group in healthy cats suggested that E faecium SF68 could be an immune-enhancing probi­otic. His research group then considered what clinical trials or experimental models could be used to prove that the effects seen in healthy animals could have utility in clinical situations.
Feline Herpesvirus 
Feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) is an extremely common pathogen in shelter environments. In 1 study, Dr. Lappin’s group at CSU screened humane society cats exhibiting upper respiratory signs for several patho­gens, including FHV-1, Mycoplasma spp, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Chlamydophila felis, Pasteurella, and Moraxella.4 By far the most prevalent pathogen, FHV-1 was detected in 98% (51/52) of sampled cats. Although most lifelong carriers of FHV-1 do not experience significant issues from the disease, recurrent ocular and respiratory signs can occur, especially during periods of stress.

Dr. Lappin’s group then performed a randomized, blinded study examining kittens with chronic FHV-1 infection.5Each of the 12 cats was administered either oral E faecium SF68 probiotic or a placebo fed with food and monitored for signs of FHV-1. After an initial 14-day equilibration period, cats were exposed to 3 consecutive “stress periods”: group housing for 28 days; individual cage housing for 28 days; and, finally, group housing for 84 days with surgical sterilization. The treated group received probiotic for a total of 140 days. Throughout the study, FHV-1 shed­ding and intestinal microbiome diversity were exam­ined using fecal samples, and herpesvirus-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were measured in serum samples.

Cats that were fed E faecium SF68 had significantly greater fecal microbial diversity compared with control cats. Conjunctivitis, a common clinical sign of FHV-1 infection, was observed in less than 5% of cats supplemented with SF68 compared with about 30% of cats receiving the placebo diet, a statistically signifi­cant difference. These results suggested that immune enhancement by the probiotic lessened clinical signs of FHV-1 in periods of stress. However, Dr. Lappin cautioned that the positive effect may not be recog­nized in all cats.

Based on these results, Dr. Lappin stated that he feels comfortable with a 1-month trial of feed­ing E faecium SF68 to cats with low-grade signs consistent with FHV-1 to see if the clinical signs are perceived by the owner to be improved. However, he cautioned that E faecium SF68 should not be used alone in cats with severe FHV-1 signs, such as ocular keratitis. For these patients, he recommended oral famcyclovir therapy dosed at 40 to 90 mg/kg every 8 to 12 hours.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease 
Another study recently evaluated the potential use of probiotics for treatment of canine idiopathic inflam­matory bowel disease, a condition believed to be asso­ciated with abnormal immune responses to antigens.6 The investigators compared response to treatment in dogs administered either a combination of metro­nidazole and prednisone or oral probiotic VSL#3 (SIVOY, VSL Pharmaceuticals, Inc.), which contains multiple strains of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and beneficial Streptococcus. Fecal samples and histologic sections of intestine were examined.

Dogs that received VSL#3 rather than metronidazole or prednisone had evidence of immune modulation, including decreased CD3+ T-cell infiltra­tion and enhancement of certain regulatory T-cell markers. Probiotic admin­istration also correlated with significantly lower disease severity scores, as well as signs of dysbiosis normalization.

Giardiasis 
Although studies have produced variable results, there is some evidence that probiotics may benefit patients with giardiasis. One study demon­strated that administering E faecium SF68 to mice for 7 days before inoc­ulation with Giardia resulted in increased intestinal Giardia-specific IgA antibody, as well as upregulation of CD4+ T-helper cells in the spleen and intestinal Peyer patches.7 Also, Giardia antigen shedding was lower in mice that received probiotic compared with control mice.

In a more recent study, E faecium SF68 was fed to apparently healthy dogs with chronic Giardia. A clinical effect could not be assessed because diarrhea was not present, but alterations in immune response or decreases in fecal cyst or antigen shedding were not associated with probiotic use.8 However, in a recent study of shelter dogs with diarrhea assessing the use of metronidazole with or without E faecium SF68 supplementation, potential positive effects were detected.9 The statistical power was too low to make definitive conclusions, however, so a new clinical trial is ongoing at CSU to further assess the effect of this probiotic on clinical signs of giardiasis.

Dermatologic Disorders 
Multiple studies have evaluated probiotic use for dermatologic issues in canine and human human medicine, Dr. Lappin noted.10,11 Most of the work has been with atopy. Although no probiotic available in the United States is known to immune modulate atopic dermatitis, new research is forthcoming.

Canine demodicosis, a multifaceted condition with a genetic predispo­sition, is overrepresented in certain breeds.12 Humoral and cell-mediated immunity are both important considerations in controlling the disease, Dr. Lappin explained, and Demodex overgrowth seen with juvenile-onset gener­alized demodicosis (JOGD) is believed to be associated with exhaustion of T cells. Acaricidal treatments function by decreasing the antigen load to effectively reverse T-cell exhaustion.13

In a study currently in review for publication, Dr. Lappin’s team managed a group of American pitbull terriers or crosses with a standardized Demodex treatment protocol. The dogs were then randomized into an E faecium SF68 group and a placebo group, and immunologic effects, mite counts, and clin­ical responses were monitored. Although there were no statistical differ­ences between groups, dogs in the probiotic group had a number of clinical findings suggesting a potential immune enhanced effect. A larger study will be needed to further detail differences between groups.
 The Future of Probiotics in Veterinary Medicine Results from recent studies demonstrate the potential immune-stimulating and immune-modulating properties of certain probiotics. In addition, some probiotics may serve as effective adjunct therapies for specific diseases, such as FHV-1 and canine demodicosis. Studies investigating the use of probiotics for management of additional health issues, including atopy, anxiety, feline stomatitis, and chronic kidney disease, are ongoing.

Ultimately, it is important to remember that probiotic effects are not universal but are typically limited to a particular bacterial strain. Furthermore, a wide variation in probiotic quality exists. Therefore, prod­ucts should be purchased from reputable veterinary companies that support research and enforce rigid standards for quality assurance and control.

Dr. Stilwell is a medical writer and aquatic animal veterinarian in Athens, Georgia. After receiving her DVM from Auburn University, she completed an MS degree in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, followed by a PhD degree in Veterinary Medical Sciences, at the University of Florida.
References
  1. Chandler M. Probiotics – not all created equally. J Small Anim Pract. 2014;55(9):439-440. doi: 10.1111/jsap.12263.
  2. Weese JS, Arroyo L. Bacteriological evaluation of dog and cat diets that claim to contain probiotics. Can Vet J. 2003;44(3):212-216.
  3. Benycoub J, Czanecki-Maulden GL, Cavadini C, et al.  Supplementation of food with Enterococcus faecium(SF68) stimulates immune functions in young dogs. J Nutr. 2003;133(4):1158-1162. doi: 10.1093/jn/133.4.1158.
  4. Veir JK, Ruch-Gallie R, Spindel ME, Lappin MR. Prevalence of selected infectious organisms and comparison of two anatomic sampling sites in shelter cats with upper respiratory tract disease. J Feline Med Surg. 2008;10(6):551-557. doi: 10.1016/j.jfms.2008.04.002.
  5. Lappin MR, Veir JK, Satyaraj E, Czarnecki-Maulden G. Pilot study to evaluate the effect of oral supplementation of Enterococcus faecium SF68 on cats with latent feline herpesvirus 1. J Feline Med Surg. 2009;11(8):650-654. doi: 10.1016/j.jfms.2008.12.006.
  6. Rossi G, Pengo G, Caldin M, et al. Comparison of microbiological, histological, and immunomodulatory parameters in response to treatment with either combination therapy with prednisone and metronidazole or probiotic VSL#3 strains in dogs with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e94699. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094699.
  7. Benyacoub J, Perez PF, Rochat F, et al. Enterococcus faecium SF68 enhances the immune response to Giardia intestinalis in mice. J Nutr. 2005;135(5):1171-1176. doi: 10.1093/jn/135.5.1171.
  8. Simpson KW, Rishniw M, Bellosa M, et al. Influence of Enterococcus faecium SF68 probiotic on giardiasis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2009;23(3):476-481. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0283.x.
  9. Fenimore A, Martin L, Lappin MR. Evaluation of metronidazole with and without Enterococcus faecium SF68 in shelter dogs with diarrhea. Top Companion Anim Med. 2017;32:100-103. doi: 10.1053/j.tcam.2017.11.001.
  10. Baquerizo Nole KI, Yim E, Keri J. Probiotics and prebiotics in dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;71(4):814-821. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.04.050.
  11. Fuchs-Tarlovsky V, Marquez-Barba MF, Sriram K. Probiotics in dermatologic practice. Nutrition. 2016;32(3):289-295. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.09.001.
  12. Ferrer L, Ravera I, Silbermayr K. Immunology and pathogenesis of canine demodicosis. Vet Dermatol. 2014;25(5):427-e65. doi: 10.1111/vde.12136.
  13. Arsenovik M, Pezo L, Vasic N, Ciric R, Stefanovic M. The main factors influencing canine demodicosis treatment outcome and determination of optimal therapy. Parasitol Res. 2015;114(7):2415-2426. doi: 10.1007/s00436-015-4543-7.
https://www.americanveterinarian.com/journals/amvet/2018/october2018/immunestimulating-properties-of-probiotics​



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  • Probiotics for
    • Allergy >
      • New Therapy Could Cure Kids of Peanut Allergy
      • Could Probiotics Replace Prozac?
      • Allergies? Probiotic combination may curb your symptoms, new study finds
      • Global allergy epidemic
      • New Allergies are on the rise. Are probiotics one of the answers?
      • Probiotics and allergy.
    • Cancer >
      • Do gut bacteria affect bowel cancer development?
      • Nourish Your Inner Garden and Lower Your Risk of Cancer
      • New research on probiotics in the prevention and treatment of colon cancer
      • Probiotics May Play a Role in Breast Cancer Prevention
      • Probiotics can possibly help prevent colon cancer
      • Beneficial bacteria may protect breasts from cancer
      • Probiotics and Cancer: Amazing Research You Should See
    • General Health >
      • What Really Happens to Your Body When You Start Taking Probiotics
      • How quickly do probiotics work?
      • What you need to know about probiotics
      • What's the deal with probiotics? Here's what the experts say
      • Letter: role of probiotics in the COVID‐19 pandemic
      • How bacteria in your gut interact with the mind and body
      • Could probiotics treat obesity?
      • How to get rid of visceral fat
      • Probiotics 101: Understanding how probiotics affect your health​
      • Even 'dead,' this probiotic may be effective against inflammation
      • What You Need To Know About Your Brain And Probiotics
      • Weight Loss Enhanced in Obese Children by Probiotic Supplements
      • Probiotic Use Can Lead to Major Economic and Health Savings Related to Flu-like Illnesses
      • Probiotics boost the body's 'good bugs, beat the bad
      • Evidence Backs Giving Probiotics with Antibiotics
      • Probiotic bacteria evolve inside mice’s GI tracts
      • Probiotics Effects On Insulin Resistance
      • 5 Probiotic Benefits That Have Nothing To Do With Digestion
      • I'm a Doctor, and There's Only One Food I Recommend to Prevent Colds
      • Pattern hair loss could be due to gut bacteria
      • Feeling Depressed? Gut-Brain Dysfunction May be to Blame
      • Science community defends effectiveness of probiotics
      • Probiotics and obesity
      • Probiotics for Pets? Immune-Stimulating Properties of Probiotics
      • Diet Hit A Snag? Your Gut Bacteria May Be Partly To Blame
      • Good Bacteria Build Bone Strength
      • Probiotics Effective in Reducing Rehospitalization for Patients With Mania
      • 5 Legit Benefits of Probiotics
      • Hay Fever Patients can Benefit from Probiotics
      • New evidence suggests that probiotics are good for the liver
      • 7 Surprising Benefits of a Healthy Gut
      • The secret to sounder sleep may be lurking in our guts
      • Can probiotics reduce pregnancy risks?
      • Probiotics “For Life”
      • Consuming probiotics may help protect against depression
      • Probiotics Shown to Alleviate Anxiety
      • Probiotics During Pregnancy May Reduce Postnatal Depression
      • COULD PROBIOTICS REDUCE OUR DEPENDENCE ON ANTIBIOTICS?
      • Lupus: Probiotics could help to reduce kidney inflammation
      • What to Look for in a Probiotic Supplement
      • Probiotic May Ease Depression in IBS Patients
      • Probiotics Prevent Autoimmune-Related Liver Injury
      • Probiotics Show Promise as Mood Elevator
      • That gut feeling
      • 10 Things to Know About Probiotics and Gut Health
      • Probiotic Benefits for Athletes
      • Can a Probiotic a Day Keep Cognitive Deficits at Bay?
      • Probiotics beneficial for both mom and baby
      • Can Protein, Probiotics Help With Blood Sugar Control?
      • Common probiotics can reduce stress levels, lessen anxiety
      • The better the gut health, the better the immune system
      • Should You Be Taking Probiotic Supplements?
      • The subtle ways you're adding POUNDS
      • A daily dose of probiotics can improve overall health
      • Probiotics May Reduce Inflammation
      • Factors secreted by gut bacteria may help combat kidney stones
      • Gut bacteria and the brain: Are we controlled by microbes?
      • 5 Reasons You Absolutely Must Add Probiotics To Your Diet
      • Texas cotton farmers turn to ‘probiotics for plants’ to help crops
      • Probiotics Promote Weight Loss, BMI Reduction, Study Says
      • Gut Bacteria May Hold Clues to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
      • Probiotics may reduce fasting blood glucose in type 2 diabetes
      • Consuming probiotics promotes weight loss, reduces BMI
      • Probiotics a Diabetes Cure?
      • Probiotics and Metabolic Syndrome
      • Probiotics mitigate stress in medical students at exam time
      • Probiotics may improve thyroid function.
      • Do Probiotics Improve Running Performance?
    • Anti Bacterial Anti Viral >
      • Role of Probiotics in Fighting Dysbiosis
      • Probiotics as adjuvant therapy for COVID-19 patients
      • Can Probiotics confer protection against COVID-19?
      • Probiotics may help battle antibiotic resistance
      • Can You Strengthen the Immune System with Probiotics and Protect Yourself From the Flu?
      • Probiotics Protect Against Flu
      • Antibiotic history of a hospital bed may increase a patient's risk of infection
      • Preventing C. diff infections with probiotics
      • Could deadly superbugs like MRSA be defeated by 'friendly bacteria' living in our noses?
      • Probiotics Keep C difficile at Bay in Patients on Antibiotics
    • Children >
      • Science says that using probiotics can help prevent these illnesses in children
      • Probiotics and breastfeeding reduces potential antibiotic resistance in children
      • Probiotics For Babies And Kids
      • Childrens’ Probiotics: To Immunity and Beyond
      • Probiotics May Improve Symptoms of Recurrent Abdominal Pain in Children
      • Probiotics and Autism: Amazing Research You Should See
      • 5 Probiotic Benefits for Infants and Toddlers
    • Digestion and GI Health >
      • Supplements for a happy gut
      • Heal Your Gut, Reduce Your Stress
      • New IBD treatments may combine antifungals and probiotics
      • Gut microbiome and kidney disease:
      • Association between probiotic and yogurt consumption and kidney disease
      • ​Gut bacteria could hold key in obesity fight
    • Skin >
      • Study finds probiotic cuts eczema in children
      • Can probiotics help with psoriasis?
      • Treat sunburn, acne with yogurt
      • Can Probiotics Help Relieve Atopic Dermatitis Symptoms?
      • Probiotics ease symptoms of childhood dermatitis and reduce need for steroids: Study
      • Could probiotics replace antibiotics in wound healing?
      • Taking too many antibiotics to treat eczema may worsen your condition
      • Are Probiotics the Answer to Acne?
      • THE #1 SUPPLEMENT YOU SHOULD TAKE EVERY DAY FOR CLEAR SKIN
      • Probiotics May Prevent Atopic Dermatitis if Microbiome Cooperates
      • Top natural treatments for eczema
      • Probiotics for Skin Health
      • How does vitamin C benefit skin?
      • Probiotics for Acne: Types to Look For to Cure Acne
      • Probiotics for Skin Health
      • Bacteria Might Be the Answer to All Your Skincare Woes
      • Could probiotics be the next big thing in acne and rosacea treatments
    • Nervous System >
      • How An Unhealthy Gut May Interfere With Your Concentration
      • Can Probiotics Help Ease Depression?
      • Probiotics Show Potential to Prevent, Delay Development of MS,
      • Potential Beneficial Effects of Probiotics on Human Migraine Headache: A Literature Review.
      • Depression: A new role for probiotics in nutritional psychiatry?
      • Probiotics Trial in Alzheimer’s Patients Shows Promise in Improving Brain Function
      • Probiotics may help spinal cord injury recovery
  • Weight
    • How Probiotics Help You Lose Weight
    • Weight loss with probiotics
    • MEDICAL INSIGHTS: Antibiotics and weight gain
  • Pro Line
    • Glucose metabolism may play key role in illness with flu, COVID-19
    • Vitamin C - Pro-C >
      • Vitamin C and COVID-19: A Review
      • Vitamin C consumption may reduce harm to baby's lungs due to smoking during pregnancy
      • Arthritis: Take this vitamin to prevent joint pain
      • Oral High-Dose Vitamin C for Major Diseases
      • 15 Amazing Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Benefits
      • If You're Missing This Key Nutrient, You're Aging Way Faster
      • Study: Intake of Vitamin C improved brain cognitive function
      • The Science Of... Vitamin C
      • UT Southwestern Research Reveals Dual Benefits in Vitamin C for Cell Function, Cancer Prevention
      • 5 lesser known benefits of taking vitamin C
      • Could Vitamin C Be the Cure for Deadly Infections?
      • 6 Health Benefits of Getting Your Daily Dose of Vitamin C
      • An Ounce Of Prevention | Vitamin C Is Vital
      • Can Vitamin C help with concussions?
      • Vitamin C and antibiotics could be up to 100 TIMES more effective than drugs at killing cancer cells - without the side effects
      • Can Six Million Readers Help Answer This Question?
      • High-Dose Vitamin C Enhances Cancer Cell Death, Sensitization to Chemotherapy
      • Power of Vitamin C to maintain perfect health
      • Vitamin C may improve leukemia treatment, Van Andel Institute researchers find
      • Can supplements REALLY make us more beautiful? Collagen pills are 'useless' but vitamin C does protect the skin, experts say
    • Coenzyme Q 10 - CoQ10 Pro >
      • What are the benefits of CoQ10?
      • Efficacy of Co Q10 as Supplementation for Migraine: A Meta-Analysis.
      • Does Coenzyme Q10 Reduce Statin-Related Muscle Aches?
      • ​The ‘radical’ effect antioxidants can have on blood sugar
      • CoQ10: Everything You Need To Know About This Powerful Antioxidant​
      • The Doctor Game: Be kind to your heart so that power plants go on working
      • Helping to protect against heart disease
      • CoQ10: Everything You Need To Know About This Powerful Antioxidant
      • CoQ10 Supplementation: Studies Support Its Value
      • CoQ10 Supplementation: Studies Support Its Value
      • 10 Facts You Should Know About Coenzyme Q10
      • Choose CoQ10 Over Statins
      • The Nutrient that Gives Your Brain a Boost of Energy
      • Coenzyme Q10: Health Benefits, Supplements, & Side Effects
      • CoQ10 Powers Athletic Performance
      • Support Cardiovascular Health NATURALLY!
      • The benefits of CoQ10 to lower heart attacks
      • Selenium and CoQ10 Combo Cuts Heart Disease Deaths in Half
      • The Benefits of CoQ10 on Patients Taking Statin Drugs
      • A supplement for statin users
      • CoQ10 may fight high blood pressure
      • Survey Finds CoQ10 Tops Pharmacist Recommendations
      • Could CoQ10 Benefit Heart Failure Patients?
      • Olympic Health with CoQ10 and Lower Cholesterol
    • Omega-3 Fatty Acids >
      • Omega-3 fats and your heart
      • Beneficial effects of probiotic combination with omega-3 fatty acids in NAFLD: a randomized clinical study
      • Omega 3 Improves Memory In Patients Of Schizophrenia With Metabolic Syndrome
      • Omega 3 Improves Memory In Patients Of Schizophrenia With Metabolic Syndrome
      • Omega-3 fatty acids may help prevent complications in women receiving breast implants
      • Omegas May Slow Brain Aging
      • Omega-3 fatty acids for mood disorders
      • Omega-3s shown to lower blood pressure in young adults
      • 5 surprising reasons you need omega-3
      • Omega-3 supplements: Seven signs you’re deficient
      • Anticancer Properties of Omega-3 Fatty Acids:
      • Omega-3: We all know it’s healthy but we still don’t consume enough
      • Chemo-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy Risk Reduced With Multivitamin
      • Everything You Need To Know About Omega 3, 6 And 9 Fatty Acids
      • 7 omega-3 deficiency signs you need to know about
      • 10 Reasons Every Lifter, Runner and Athlete Needs Omega-3s
      • Omega-3 fatty acids stimulate brown adipose tissue metabolism
      • Diets rich in omega-3 fatty acids may help lower blood pressure in young, healthy adults
      • Omega-3 fatty acids can help clear waste in the brain, says study
      • How Omega 3 Fats May Improve Fertility
      • Omegas for Heart and Brain Health
    • Cacao - Coco-XO >
      • Bioactive compounds in cocoa can keep heart healthy: Study
      • 7 ailments Cacao can help you fight
      • The Wonderful Weight Loss Benefits of Cocoa Powder
      • 17 Impressive Cocoa Benefits
      • Can Eating Chocolate Improve Your Brain?
      • A happy heart gets chocolate every day?
    • Other news related to probiotics >
      • 15 Reasons Why Staying Inside All Winter Can Actually Make You Sick
      • Probiotics may help fight the antiinfection opposition Probiotics antiinfection opposition
      • Cancer, Vitamin D & Probiotics
      • Intestinal bleeding caused by pain medication is killing thousands of Americans
      • ‘Superbug’ scourge spreads as U.S. fails to track rising human toll
      • Drug resistance in people and animals may push millions into poverty: World Bank
      • No change in hospital antibiotic use overall in recent years
      • The Ultimate Battle Against MRSA ​
      • WHO Urges Shift in STD Treatment Due to Antibiotic Resistance
      • F.D.A. Bans Sale of Many Antibacterial Soaps, Saying Risks Outweigh Benefits
      • Study reveals cholesterol link in aggressive cancers
      • Probiotic may boost vitamin D levels
      • Asthma Probiotics and Vitamin D
      • Vitamin D combats diseases.
      • How do you spell Relief?
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